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The most common are banking consortiums, such as the British holding company NatWest Group, whose members include the Royal and National Banks of Scotland. It was formed in 1969 during a period of economic instability and currently unites seven subsidiaries from several countries.
Cartel
Organizations that are part of a cartel seek to monopolize the market while remaining independent entities. By creating cartels, firms conduct coordinated activities in certain areas.
Among the legally operating international canada mobile number cartels, OPEC stands out. It includes oil-exporting countries that enter into public agreements to control oil prices.
Individual countries may oppose the creation of cartels or, on the contrary, stimulate it. In Russia, the FAS supervises cartels and applies penalties to violators.
Syndicate
The purpose of this association of companies is to reduce competition between its members or to create favorable trading conditions. When joining a syndicate, a company ceases to be an independent market entity, but continues to produce its own products.
As with cartels, a number of countries have restrictions on this form of integration.
Pool
Here, the profit from joint activities goes into a common fund, after which it is distributed between the companies in an established ratio.
There are the following types of pools:
specific - created for the purpose of financing a specific project;
trade - created with the purpose of accumulating some goods in warehouses in anticipation of their further rise in price;
insurance - formed by insurers with the aim of establishing uniform rules and tariffs in a specific area;
patent - involves the joint use of a patent for a specific product, where each new participant is entitled to a certain share of the profits.
The insurance companies SOGAZ, AlfaStrakhovanie, Gefest, Ingosstakh, RESO-Garantiya, Rosgosstrakh and Soglasie, as part of the insurance pool, jointly insured facilities at the 2014 Olympics in Sochi.
Typically, such an association is temporary and is considered a form of cartel.
Association
Companies join together on a non-profit basis to coordinate their actions and protect common interests.
The Association of Trade Workers (ARTO) consists of employees of trade organizations and acts in their interests. ARTO's activities include providing legal assistance, paperwork, employment, training, etc.
Association
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Associations operate on the basis of a charter and a memorandum of association, and key decisions are made at a general meeting of participants.
Conglomerate
Typically, a large organization will absorb a group of smaller businesses from different segments that are not interconnected. They become dependent on the parent company, but do not influence each other.
The Gazprom conglomerate includes a number of companies that communicate with a mass audience, including television channels, radio stations, printed publications and video services. At the same time, the main source of income for Gazprom is the sale of petroleum products.
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Trust
It is an association of enterprises that come under the management of the parent company and receive a portion of the profits in accordance with the amount of funds they invest.
Holding
The holding company consists of a parent company and several small subsidiaries that are completely dependent on it. The controlling stake belongs to the parent company, which organizes effective management for the purpose of making a profit.
For example, the large Spanish holding Inditex owns several clothing brands, the management of which brings it income.
Financial and industrial group
This association of companies must include a bank and an industrial enterprise. They have the ability to form common assets or operate as a parent and subsidiary community.
Rosneft is a financial and industrial group consisting of factories and the Russian Regional Development Bank.
The creation of a financial and industrial group makes it easier for companies to work together on a large project.
Concern
A financial and industrial group whose members strive to maximize their profits.
The Volkswagen Group consists of 1,500 subsidiaries, joint ventures and partnerships and produces cars of various brands - Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, Bentley, Bugatti, Porsche, Ducati motorcycles, etc.
Concern
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The participants of the concern act as independent entities, but in the course of their activities they carry out the orders of the parent company.
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