FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) was developed at IBM (1957)

[sujonkumar6300]

by a group headed by John Backus. One of the most important criteria for its implementation was the efficiency of the code generated by the compiler. FORTRAN “introduced”, among other things, arrays, the “if” alternation statement, and loops controlled by an indexed variable. Programs had to be written in a fixed-format, in which e.g. certain things had to be written in predetermined columns.

Plankalkül (“Plane Calculus”) was actually the first high-level LP. It was developed (1944) by the German Konrad Zuse for the Z3, the first modern programmable computer, also developed by him (1941). Plankalkül included, among other constructs: assignment, conditional and iterative instructions; subroutines; floating-point arithmetic; exception handling; arrays bosnia and herzegovina consumer email list registers and graphs. The design of Plankalkül was influenced by the work in mathematical logic of Gottlob Frege (late 19th century), and Frege's work by that of Leibniz (late 17th century).

LISP (LISt Processor) was designed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by John McCarthy (1958). LISP is considered the quintessential functional LP. Its design was based on the idea of ​​function mapping as a fundamental notion of computation, and was influenced by Alonzo Church's work on Lambda Calculus. It introduced concepts such as trees (data structures), dynamic typing, higher-order functions, recursion, linked lists, the “Garbage Collection” method to automatically recover memory that programs no longer use, as well as S-Expressions (Symbolic-Expressions), which are constructs with which both data and programs are expressed, allowing programmers to add new syntactical elements to the language and create slight variants of it.